53 2022 ANNUAL REPORT Notes to the CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the year ended 30 June 2022 (cont.) 4. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont.) 4.8 IMPAIRMENT At each reporting date, the consolidated entity reviews and tests the carrying value of assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Where an indicator of impairment exists, the consolidated entity makes a formal estimate of recoverable amount. Where the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income unless the asset has previously been revalued, in which case the impairment loss is recognised as a reversal to the extent of that previous revaluation with any excess recognised through the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income. Calculation of recoverable amount Recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. It is determined for an individual asset, unless it does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets, in which case the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. The estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. 4.9 INCOME TAX Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax expense is recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity, in which case it is recognised in equity. Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Deferred income tax is provided using the balance sheet liability method on all temporary differences at the balance sheet date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. Deferred income tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax assets and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry-forward of unused tax assets and unused tax losses can be utilised. A deferred income tax asset is not recognised where the deferred income tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss. The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each balance date and reduced to the extent it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax to be utilised. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted at the balance date. Income taxes relating to items recognised directly in equity are recognised in equity and not in the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income. 4.10 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Non-derivative financial instruments Non-derivative financial instruments comprise investments in equity and debt securities, trade and other receivables, cash and cash equivalents, loans and borrowings and trade and other creditors. Non-derivative financial instruments are recognised initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, non-derivative financial instruments are measured as described below. Trade and other receivables are carried at amortised cost. Trade receivables are non-interest bearing. Loans and borrowings are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses. Liabilities for trade creditors and other amounts are carried at amortised cost. Trade payables are non-interest bearing and are normally settled on 30 day terms. For trade receivables, the Group uses the simplified approach to recognise impairments based on the lifetime expected credit loss. For other receivables, the Group applies the general approach and recognises impairments based on a 12-month expected credit loss. Impairment allowances are based on a forwardlooking expected credit loss model. Where there has been a significant increase in credit risk, a loss allowance for lifetime expected credit losses is required. Exposures are grouped by external credit rating and security options and an expected credit loss rate is calculated accordingly. Where applicable, actual credit loss experience is also taken into account. For remaining receivables without an external credit rating or security option, a rating of BB (Standard and Poor’s) is used, on the basis that there is no support that it is investment grade, nor is there any evidence of default. For the purposes of the statement of cash flows, cash includes deposits at call which are readily convertible to cash on hand and which are used in the cash management function on a day to day basis, net of outstanding bank overdrafts. Derivative financial instruments Derivative financial instruments are recognised initially at fair value; any attributable transaction costs are recognised in profit and loss as incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value. Cashflow hedges When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the hedging reserve. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
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